what happens during the boil (sciencewise)

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I am brewing from kits. The instructions say to boil 60 min.
What happens science wise during the boil for 60 minutes?
Could beer be made if it was boiled for 10 min?

I assume a few things are happening, like melting and evenly mixing sugars, giving the hops time to release oils and disperse. The hot break happens at the initial boil.

Once the hot break happens, is there really any benefit to boiling another 50 minutes or so?
Does the hot break actually need to occur, what happens if you just warm up wort to mix the sugars and throw it in the fermenter, does the stuff that doesnt hot break prevent fermentation or taste bad etc?

could you boil hops in a pot of water separate and then just add that liquid to the wort?
hypothetical, make hop extract by boiling 60 min in suacepan, heat gallons of wort to hot break, turn off heat, throw in the hop extract and put in fermenter?

I dont have money to just experiment on these ideas and get a bunch of bad beer, just wondering if other people know the science and if any of this really makes an actual difference.
 

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